Line reproduction in mapping utilizing the four color process model

The application of the four-color process to printing fine line work found on topographical maps was investigated. A description of the mapping process is included and the reason why the four-color process would be advantageous to cartographic printing was discussed. The chapter on fourcolor process theory was included for the benefit of the cartographic community - The experimental design for data transfer, color tolerance, target design to match spot and process color, as well as color space employed, were reviewed. The reasons for the use of a direct digital proofing system were explained. The results of data transfer were evaluated and solutions obtained for limitations in the transfer mechanisms. Color tolerances were established using the CIE LAB color space and two image maps. Using colorimetry, test targets matching the spot color to its equivalent process color were evaluated and found to fall within the established tolerances . Three topographical maps were produced totally in the digital domain. The Cartographic Community carefully evaluated these products and deemed them as the preferred method for generating topographic maps . The results of this study can be interpreted to show that the four-color process system is the most advantageous method for the generation of cartographic products

Toward a measure of achievement press in educational settings. ESRI Memorandum Series no. 85

Since Murray (1938) put forward his theory of motivation, a number of authors have attempted to develop measures, not only of individual needs, but also of environmental press toward various behaviour patterns. Authors explicitly using this model have included Stern (1962) and Bergthold (1971). Other authors have used the model in organizational settings (Litwin and Stringer, 1968). Still other authors have used a general framework of classroom climate, school climate or organizational or community climate. The focus of Stern’s investigations, and the investigations of school climate (Coleman, 1961) and organizational climate (Likert, 1967) has been on a general description of the press in schools and organizations, rather than on measures of press relating primarily to achievement. Nevertheless it is clear that achievement is a primary unwritten concern of many authors, particularly those concerned with organizational development. The focus of our present studies is not so much to describe the overall press in educational settings, but to examine, in some detail, the press toward achievement affiliation, and power behaviours among pupils

The ESRI Survey of the Attitudes of Post-Primary Teachers and Pupils Volume III: Teachers' Perception of Educational Objectives. ESRI Memorandum Series No. 89 1970

Although it would, in some ways, be desirable to delay publication of all the results from the ESRI survey of the attitudes of teachers and pupils until a comprehensive and integrated picture could be presented, this would delay the availability of useful material. We have therefore decided to re1ease reports on sections of the material as the analysis is completed. The final volume in the series will bring the material together and highlight the main issues, offering such interpretations of the results as seem to be justified. Simultaneously with the publication of this volume a general background volume and one entitled "Teachers Views on Examinations" has been published

The ESRI Survey of the Attitudes of Post-Primary Teachers and Pupils. II Teachers's view of examinations. ESRI Memorandum Series No. 88 1970

Although it would, in some ways, be desirable to delay publication of all the results from the ESRI survey of the attitudes of teachers and pupils until a comprehensive and integrated picture could be presented, this would delay the availability of useful material. We have therefore decided to release reports on sections of the material as the analysis is completed. The final volume in the series will bring the material together and highlight the main issues, offering such interpretations of the results as seem to be justified. Simultaneously with the publication of this volume a general back­ ground volume bas been published. It is expected that the next volume in the series will be "Teachers' Perception of Educational Objectives"

The ESRI Survey of the Attitudes of Post-Primary Teachers and Pupils Volume II: Teachers' Views on Examinations. Special Appendix Tables. ESRI Memorandum Series No. 91 1970

No Abstract

Basal rot of narcissus : understanding pathogenicity in fusarium oxysporum f. sp. narcissi

Fusarium oxysporum is a globally distributed soilborne fungal pathogen causing root rots, bulb rots, crown rots and vascular wilts on a range of horticultural plants. Pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates are highly host specific and are classified as formae speciales. Narcissus is an important ornamental crop and both the quality and yield of flowers and bulbs can be severely affected by a basal rot caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. narcissi (FON); 154 Fusarium isolates were obtained from different locations and Narcissus cultivars in the United Kingdom, representing a valuable resource. A subset of 30 F. oxysporum isolates were all found to be pathogenic and were therefore identified as FON. Molecular characterisation of isolates through sequencing of three housekeeping genes, suggested a monophyletic origin with little divergence. PCR detection of 14 Secreted in Xylem (SIX) genes, previously shown to be associated with pathogenicity in other F. oxysporum f. spp., revealed different complements of SIX7, SIX9, SIX10, SIX12 and SIX13 within FON isolates which may suggest a race structure. SIX gene sequences were unique to FON and SIX10 was present in all isolates, allowing for molecular identification of FON for the first time. The genome of a highly pathogenic isolate was sequenced and lineage specific (LS) regions identified which harboured putative effectors including the SIX genes. Real-time RT-PCR, showed that SIX genes and selected putative effectors were expressed in planta with many significantly upregulated during infection. This is the first study to characterise molecular variation in FON and provide an analysis of the FON genome. Identification of expressed genes potentially associated with virulence provides the basis for future functional studies and new targets for molecular diagnostics

Evolution of a Fossil Subduction Zone: Insights from the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps

Subduction zones play a crucial role in the evolution of Earth's lithosphere. In many orogens, deeply subducted coherent high-pressure (HP) nappes were exhumed from deep to shallow parts of subduction channels. This process significantly affects the deformation pattern and internal structure of the orogen. Exhumation seems to occur preferentially during the transition from subduction to collision, when dense oceanic lithosphere has been consumed entirely and more buoyant continental lithosphere from a passive continental margin enters the subduction zone. Here, we present a detailed study on the structural, kinematic, and metamorphic evolution of a well-preserved paleo-subduction channel within the Tauern Window (Alps). First, we reevaluated the metamorphic history and regional tectono-stratigraphy of the tectonic units in the central Tauern Window. These units originate from the Alpine Tethys oceanic domain and the adjacent European passive continental margin. They experienced HP conditions during Alpine subduction, which was followed by exhumation to their current position in the Alpine nappe stack. By integrating new structural data and the well-preserved stratigraphy of the ocean-continent transition, we reconstructed the structure and kinematics of the nappes in great detail. Notably, we document a recumbent, tens-of-kilometers-scale sheath fold formed during pervasive top-to-the-foreland shear. This sheath fold comprises an isoclinally folded thrust that transported ophiolite relicts from the former Alpine Tethys onto a distal part of the European continental margin during early stages of subduction. It formed under HP conditions, immediately after the Europe-derived rocks in its core reached their maximum burial depth. The non-cylindrical shape of the sheath fold suggests its nucleation at a promontory of the former margin, inherited from Mesozoic rifting and subsequently amplified to a sheath geometry during top-to-the-foreland shear in the subduction zone. To gain insight into the temperature (T) structure of the sheath fold, we employed Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material (RSCM) thermometry on a large number of samples with high spatial resolution. The systematic spatial temperature trends reveal distinct domains related to the original subduction metamorphism and later T-dominated (Barrovian) metamorphic overprint. Integrating the peak-temperature pattern with the fold geometry unveils a two-stage process of nappe formation and sheath folding during exhumation. Our results highlight the existence of considerable along-strike heterogeneity within the deep portion of a fossil subduction zone, likely influenced by inherited rift structures and exhumation processes. Understanding such heterogeneities is crucial for interpreting seismic sections and numerical simulations of subduction zones, emphasizing the need to consider three-dimensional complexities beyond the idealized cylindrical models often used. By unraveling the structural and metamorphic evolution of exhumed HP nappes in the Tauern Window, this study contributes to a better understanding of the dynamic processes operating within subduction zones and their implications for mountain building

Measuring the Sustainability of a Proposed Copper Mine in Arizona : A Temporal Comparison

A proposed copper mine in Arizona has the potential to be the largest copper producing mine in North America. It is expected to produce over a billion pounds of copper per year, and individually produce more than half of the United State's demand for copper. The operation claims to be more sustainable than previous operations by being more efficient with their use of water, energy and material resources. An embodied energy, or EMERGY analysis, was used to evaluate the sustainability of the proposed copper mining operation. The post-mining externalized annual energy cost of copper waste management for previous operations had an EMERGY value of 1.50E+22 solar emjoules per year (sej/yr); the proposed mine plans to internalize the cost of waste management during operation by containing and reusing waste, resulting in an estimated annual EMERGY cost of 6.00E+18 sej/yr. These results indicate that the proposed method of waste management will potentially be more sustainable than past mining operations in terms of embodied energy cost savings. A 1992 copper mine required 7.35E+23 sej/yr for annual energy resource investment; the proposed mine is estimated to require 5.85E+20 sej/yr. These results indicated that the proposed mine will use energy resources more efficiently than old copper mining operations. However, these results do not account for the impacts of subsidence on water and land resources, nor do they account for other potential impacts of deep mining extraction that may occur as a result of the proposed mining operation. Further analysis will be necessary to evaluate these impacts